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This article is devoted to the consideration of such issues as the subject and tasks of computer science. Before proceeding to their coverage, let us define the term, the meaning of which should be clearly marked.

The word «informatics» first appeared in Francein the 60s of the last century to designate an area that deals with automated processing of information and uses for this purpose electronic computers. The term was formed by the merger of the other two — «automation» and «information». It means automated processing of information or information automation. This term corresponds to the term «computer science» in English-speaking countries, that is, the science of computer technology.

We offer the reader to preliminarily consider such topics as the subject and tasks of computer science, acquaintance with the history of its emergence.

History of Information Science

We can find the sources of information even in the depthscenturies. The need to express and remember it led many centuries ago to the emergence of speech, counting, writing. Our ancestors tried to invent and further improve the ways of storing information, its processing and distribution. Various evidence of attempts by people of the distant past to preserve it have been found in our days. These are methods such as recordings on clay tablets and birch bark, rock carvings, and then hand-written books.

In the 16th century a printing press appeared. His invention contributed to a significant increase in the ability to store and process the necessary information. The information presented in printed form was the main way of exchange and storage, and continued to remain until the middle of the 20th century. Only with the advent of computers appeared fundamentally new, much more effective ways of storing, collecting, transmitting, processing, the object and tasks of computer science were formulated.

General definition of informatics

You can give a lot of its definitions. This is due to the multifaceted nature of its methods, forms, capabilities and functions. The following definition of the concept of «informatics» is one of the most common.

Informatics is an areahuman activity, which is associated with various processes of information transformation, carried out with the help of computers, as well as with their interaction with the appropriate application environment.

Cybernetics and Informatics

Often there is a confusion of two concepts: «cybernetics» and «informatics». Let’s determine what their similarities are and how they differ from each other.

Cybernetics is the science of some general principlesmanagement, operating in various systems: social, biological, technical, etc. The subject and tasks of computer science are somewhat different. She studies more widely the processes of creating and transforming information, almost without affecting the solution of tasks related to the management of certain objects, as cybernetics does. Its emergence became possible due to the development of computer technology, which is based on it and is inconceivable without it. The development of cybernetics takes place by itself and, although it uses rather actively the achievements of computer technology, does not depend on them at all, as it builds different models of object management.

Informatics in the broad and narrow sense of the word

In the broad sense of the word, computer science is a unityvarious branches of science, production and technology, which are associated with the processing of information. And what about the narrow sense? It can identify 3 interconnected parts of computer science.

1. Informatics as a branch of the national economy

The first of them is the branch of the national economy. In this sense, computer science consists of some homogeneous set of firms that carry out various forms of management, which are engaged in the production of software products, computer equipment and the development of information processing technology. The significance, specificity, goals and tasks of informatics in this sense are determined by the fact that it is to this extent that the growth of labor productivity in various branches of the national economy depends largely on it. A lot of jobs around the world today are equipped with automation tools.

2. Informatics as a fundamental science

As the fundamental science of computer sciencedevelops the methodology of information support for various processes of object management on the basis of computer information systems. One can single out the following leading scientific directions in Europe: medical and economic informatics, computer-integrated production, development of network structure, informatics of environment and social insurance, professional information systems.

Let’s describe the main goals and tasks of computer sciencefundamental. Its goal is to obtain generalized knowledge of various information systems, as well as to identify in their functioning and the construction of general patterns. Its tasks are as follows:

— explore various theories of information systems and technologies;

— Develop a methodology for how to create information support for certain computer systems.

3. Applied aspect

Describing the subject of computer science as an applied science, we note that it deals with:

— the creation of various information communication models that function in a variety of areas of human activity;

— study of regularities that exist in information processes (distribution, processing, accumulation);

— development of technologies and information systemsin specific areas, as well as the development of recommendations relating to their life cycle for different stages (design, production, operation, etc.).

The main tasks of computer science

Its main function is to develop tools and methods for converting information, as well as to use them in organizing various technological processes for its processing.

The following main tasks of computer science can be distinguished:

— research of information processes having any nature;

— solution of engineering and scientific problems of introduction, creation, ensuring the most effective use of computer technology and technology in various areas of public life;

— development of information technology, as well as the creation on the basis of research results of various information processes of the latest information processing technology.

Informatics as a Comprehensive Discipline

It should be said that it does not exist by itselfitself. Informatics is a complex discipline (scientific and technical), which is aimed at creating new information technologies and techniques. They serve to solve problems arising in other areas. In the information society, the complex of its industry is the leading one. In the world there is a tendency to increasing awareness. It depends to a large extent on the progress of this particular area of ​​knowledge, its unity as science, production and technology.

Areas of application of informatics

Informatics today is widely used invarious areas of our lives: in science, production, education and many other areas of activity. The need for costly and complex experiments inevitably arises in connection with the development of modern science. An example is the development of thermonuclear reactors. The role of computer science is to replace real experiments with machines. This saves significant resources, provides the opportunity to process the most modern methods of the results. In addition, these experiments take much less time than real ones. And in some areas of scientific knowledge (for example, in astrophysics) it is simply impossible to carry out a real experiment. Then computer science comes to the rescue. Basically, in these areas, all studies are carried out using model and computational experiments.

The further development of informatics, as well as of any other science, leads to new discoveries and achievements. There are new applications that were previously difficult to even guess.

Communication of informatics with other branches of knowledge

Informatics is a broad field of scientific knowledge that arose at the interface of applied and fundamental disciplines. As a complex scientific discipline, it is associated with the following branches of knowledge:

— with psychology and philosophy (through the theory of knowledge and the doctrine of information);

— with mathematics (through discrete mathematics, the theory of mathematical modeling and algorithms, mathematical logic);

— with linguistics it is connected through the doctrine of sign systems and formal languages;

— with cybernetics, as we have already noted, — through the theory of management and information;

— with radio engineering, electronics, chemistry and physics — through the material part of information systems and the computer.

In the field of view of the science of informatics fallComputational sciences that study the methods and principles of organizing various computing processes, global and local computer networks. On the other hand, it also includes cognitive sciences that are designed to study human efforts in the field of thinking in order to improve the intellectual qualities of computers.

Informatics as a branch of economy

As a branch of the economy, computer science representsa set of economic entities that are designed to serve users (information), the production of processing facilities, as well as the creation of software. There is a tendency to move from an industrial society, where everything is directed to the production and consumption of goods, to the information society.

Today, various informatics tools are widely used in the economy. They are used in practice:

— trade, production and banking management;

— auditing and accounting;

— Budgetary process in municipal and state institutions;

— e-business and e-commerce;

— management of the treasury, auctions and trade exchanges.

Economic informatics is a science thatis designed to form the theory of modeling the activities of various economic entities, municipal, state and regional entities. Its goals are determined by the goals of the economy. That is, they consist in providing economic entities, municipal and state services and organizations with information technologies. What is the subject of informatics economics? It consists in the search for patterns that exist in information modeling, as well as methods for providing knowledge about the economic activities of organizations (enterprises) to an economic and other entity, and the introduction of information technology management in practice.

Methods of modeling and studying economic processes

There are many methods of modeling andstudy of economic processes. They are both specific and general scientific. General scientific: synthesis, analysis, induction, deduction, abstraction, analogy, concretization. All of them reveal regularities existing in stable phenomena or processes. Specific methods are oriented towards information phenomena reflecting economic processes, such as:

— mathematical: deterministic, stochastic, simulation, optimization and network modeling, fuzzy mathematics, mathematical, system, factor, regression and other types of analysis;

— information-logical: graphs and diagrams, graphs, visual and standardized means of representing information flows and business processes.

What is a computer?

Basic concepts of computer science includedifferent computers, since they are the main technical means used to process it. They can be classified according to a number of features: by designation, the principle of operation, the size of the computing power, the methods of organizing the computing process itself, functional capabilities,

Classification of computers by designation

You can divide the computer by its destination into the following 3 groups.

1. General purpose (universal). They are designed to solve various engineering and technical problems: mathematical, economic, information and others, which differ in the large amount of data to be processed, as well as in the complexity of the algorithms. Characteristic features of computer data are their high performance, as well as the variety of data forms to be processed (symbolic, decimal, binary), the variety of operations (special, logical, arithmetic), significant memory capacity, as well as a developed information input-output system .

2. The second group is problem-oriented. Their purpose is to solve a narrower range of tasks, which are usually associated with technological objects, accumulation, registration and processing of small amounts of data.

3. Specialized serve to solve a very narrow range of tasks. This reduces the cost and complexity of such computers, while maintaining reliability and greater productivity.

Information technology

Describing the basic concepts of computer science, you can notsay a few words about information technology. This is a combination of specific software and hardware that serve to perform various operations related to the processing of information in any areas of our lives. Information technology is sometimes called applied computer science or computer technology. This concept arose with the formation of an information society, in which the basis of social dynamics are information, rather than traditional material resources. This is a science, knowledge, intellectual abilities, organizational factors, creativity, initiative, etc. This concept, unfortunately, is so all-encompassing and general that specialists have not yet come to a clear formulation of it. The most successful definition of it was given by Academician Glushkov, who interpreted information technology as a human-machine technology for transferring, processing, collecting information based on the use of various computers. It is developing rapidly and covering more and more types of social activities: management, production, education, science, medicine, financial and banking operations, everyday life, etc.

School Informatics Course

The main task of the school subject «Informatics»is to ensure the conscious and lasting mastery of the students knowledge related to the processes of transformation, receipt, use, storage of information. On this basis, the computer science teacher should also reveal its role in the formation of the scientific picture of the world that has developed in our days, the importance of computer technology and information technology in the development of modern society. The task is also to instill in students the skills of rational and conscious use of computers in educational and professional activities.

The following questions should be covered by the computer science teacher:

— information, various information processes, as well as the languages ​​of its presentation;

— information modeling;

— programming and algorithmization;

— The computer as a means of information processing;

— existing today the new information technology for its processing.

These lines are cross-cutting, that isstudying them occurs at all stages (from 2 to 11 class). Computer science is divided into three levels at school. These levels take into account the age of the students, as well as their preparation.

The first level — the initial (from 2 to 6 class),the second — the basic (from 7 to 9 class), the third — profile (10 and 11 classes). In this case, the program for classes 2 to 9 is the required minimum. In the senior classes, in-depth training in informatics on various profiles is carried out. This provides training for professional activities. The topics that have already been covered are discussed in more detail, different classes of programs are studied.

Informatics: Unified State Exam

In this subject, the USE is one of the longestexams, which lasts about 4 hours. In 2014, the minimum passing grade was 40. Preparation should begin long before the day of testing, and high results in this case will be provided.

The tasks on computer science are divided into blocks independing on their complexity. А1-А13 — questions of a base level with a choice from several variants of the answer. For each correct choice, 1 point is assumed. Tasks on computer science В1-В15 are already tasks of increased complexity. Numbers or the last digits serve as a response to them. The most difficult tasks in informatics are C1-C4. It is necessary to give the fullest possible answer to them.

In each version of the USE, computer science tasks are related in one way or another. However, when solving tasks from category C, it is forbidden to use the calculator and the PC.

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Informatics is the study of computational systems.^[1][2] According to the ACM Europe Council and Informatics Europe, informatics is synonymous with computer science and computing as a profession,^[3] in which the central notion is transformation of information.^[1][4] In other countries, the term «informatics» is used with a different meaning in the context of library science, in which case it is synonymous with data storage and retrieval.^[5]

Different meanings[edit]

In some countries, depending on local interpretations, the term «informatics» is used synonymously to mean information systems, information science, information theory, information engineering, information technology, information processing, or other theoretical or practical fields. In Germany, the term informatics almost exactly corresponds to modern computer science. Accordingly, universities in continental Europe usually translate «informatics» as computer science, or sometimes information and computer science, although technical universities may translate it as computer science & engineering.^[6][7]

In the United States, however, the term informatics is mostly used in context of data science, library science^[5] or its applications in healthcare (health informatics),^[8][9] where it first appeared in the US.

The University of Washington uses this term to refer to social computing.^[10] In some countries, this term is associated with natural computation and neural computation.^[1][11]

The Government of Canada uses the term to refer to operational units offering network and computer services to the various departments.^[12]

Etymology[edit]

In 1956, the German informatician Karl Steinbuch and engineer Helmut Gröttrup coined the word Informatik when they developed the Informatik-Anlage^[13] for the Quelle mail-order management, one of the earliest commercial applications of data processing. In April 1957, Steinbuch published a paper called Informatik: Automatische Informationsverarbeitung («Informatics: Automatic Information Processing»).^[14] The morphology—informat-ion + —ics—uses «the accepted form for names of sciences, as conics, mathematics, linguistics, optics, or matters of practice, as economics, politics, tactics»,^[15] and so, linguistically, the meaning extends easily to encompass both the science of information and the practice of information processing. The German word Informatik is usually translated to English as^[16] computer science by universities or computer science & engineering by technical universities (German equivalents for institutes of technology). Depending on the context, informatics is also translated into computing, scientific computing or information and computer technology. The French term informatique was coined in 1962 by Philippe Dreyfus.^[17] In the same month was also proposed independently by Walter F. Bauer (1924–2015) and associates who co-founded software company Informatics Inc. The term for the new discipline quickly spread throughout Europe, but it did not catch on in the United States. Over the years, many different definitions of informatics have been developed, most of them claim that the essence of informatics is one of these concepts: information processing, algorithms, computation, information, algorithmic processes, computational processes or computational systems.^[18][1]

The earliest uses of the term informatics in the United States was during the 1950s with the beginning of computer use in healthcare.^[19] Early practitioners interested in the field soon learned that there were no formal education programs, and none emerged until the late 1960s. They introduced the term informatics only in the context of archival science, which is only a small part of informatics. Professional development, therefore, played a significant role in the development of health informatics.^[19] According to Imhoff et al., 2001, healthcare informatics is not only the application of computer technology to problems in healthcare, but covers all aspects of generation, handling, communication, storage, retrieval, management, analysis, discovery, and synthesis of data information and knowledge in the entire scope of healthcare. Furthermore, they stated that the primary goal of health informatics can be distinguished as follows: To provide solutions for problems related to data, information, and knowledge processing. To study general principles of processing data information and knowledge in medicine and healthcare.^[20][21] The term health informatics quickly spread throughout the United States in various forms such as nursing informatics, public health informatics or medical informatics. Analogous terms were later introduced for use of computers in various fields, such as business informatics, forest informatics, legal informatics etc. These fields still mainly use term informatics in context of library science.

Informatics as library science[edit]

In the fields of geoinformatics or irrigation informatics, the term -informatics usually mean information science, in context related to library science. This was the first meaning of informatics introduced in Russia in 1966 by A.I. Mikhailov, R.S. Gilyarevskii, and A.I. Chernyi, which referred to a scientific discipline that studies the structure and properties of scientific information.^[22] In this context, the term was also used by the International Neuroinformatics Coordinating Facility. Some scientists use this term, however, to refer to the science of information processing, not data management.^[23]

In the English-speaking world, the term informatics was first widely used in the compound medical informatics, taken to include «the cognitive, information processing, and communication tasks of medical practice, education, and research, including information science and the technology to support these tasks».^[24] Many such compounds are now in use; they can be viewed as different areas of «applied informatics«.

Informatics as information processing science[edit]

In the early 1990s, K.K. Kolin proposed an interpretation of informatics as a fundamental science that studies information processes in nature, society, and technical systems.^[22]

A broad interpretation of informatics, as «the study of the structure, algorithms, behaviour, and interactions of natural and artificial computational systems,» was introduced by the University of Edinburgh in 1994. This has led to the merger of the institutes of computer science, artificial intelligence and cognitive science into a single School of Informatics in 2002.^[25]

More than a dozen nearby universities joined Scottish Informatics and Computer Science Alliance. Some non-European universities have also adopted this definition (e.g. Kyoto University School of Informatics).

In 2003, Yingxu Wang popularized term cognitive informatics, described as follows:^[26]

Supplementary to matter and energy, information is the third essence for modeling the world. Cognitive informatics focuses on internal information processing mechanisms and the natural intelligence of the brain.

Informatics as a fundamental science of information in natural and artificial systems was proposed again in Russia in 2006.^[27]

In 2007, the influential book Decoding the Universe was published.

Former president of Association for Computing Machinery, Peter Denning wrote in 2007:^[28]

The old definition of computer science — the study of phenomena surrounding computers — is now obsolete. Computing is the study of natural and artificial information processes.

The 2008 Research Assessment Exercise, of the UK Funding Councils, includes a new, Computer Science and Informatics, unit of assessment (UoA),^[29] whose scope is described as follows:

The UoA includes the study of methods for acquiring, storing, processing, communicating and reasoning about information, and the role of interactivity in natural and artificial systems, through the implementation, organisation and use of computer hardware, software and other resources. The subjects are characterised by the rigorous application of analysis, experimentation and design.

In 2008, the construction of the Informatics Forum was completed. In 2018, the MIT Schwarzman College of Computing was established. Its construction is planned to be completed in 2021.

Controversial fields[edit]

• evolutionary informatics — a new field that comes from the concept of an intelligent design. According to Evolutionary Informatics Lab, evolutionary informatics studies how evolving systems incorporate, transform, and export information.^[30] In 2017, the influential book «Introduction To Evolutionary Informatics» was published.^[31]

Informatics as computer science[edit]

[edit]

Computer scientists study computational processes and systems. Computing Research Repository (CoRR) classification distinguishes the following main topics in computer science (alphabetic order):^[32][33][34]

Journals and conferences[edit]

[edit]

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Academic schools and departments[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• 12 Answers

What Does Informatics Mean?

Informatics is the study of the behavior and structure of any system that generates, stores, processes and then presents information; it is basically the science of information. The field takes into consideration the interaction between the information systems and the user, as well as the construction of the interfaces between the two, such as the user interface.

Techopedia Explains Informatics

The term informatics was first coined by a German computer scientist by the name of Karl Steinbuch in 1957 through his published paper titled «Informatics: Automatic Information Processing.» Informatics was then used interchangeably with computer science as its German word «Informatik» is usually translated to English as computer or computing science. In 1994, the University of Edinburgh in Scotland formed a grouping that is now its School of Informatics and gave the general meaning of informatics as «the study of the structure, algorithms, behavior, and interactions of natural and artificial computational systems.» The meaning gained widespread use in the UK.

There is still no universal meaning for informatics as different organizations, educational or otherwise, have their own meaning for it. But all of these different ways of defining informatics still adhere to the same core that it is about the study and application of information and information technology in everyday processes.

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Babbage 3*!Byte is * +the sequence from eight bits 4*!In computer are stored *+data 5*!According to this characteristics, information as a message should include all the relevant information *+completeness 6) According to this characteristics, message must be verifiable so that its validity, accuracy, appropriateness can be assessed *+verifiability 7) According to this characteristics, information as a message should be reasonably or legally satisfy a requirement *+adequacy According to this characteristics, the information should be timely available and it should not be obsolete as well *+currency 9) Characteristics of information which striving to reduce or eliminate biases, subjective evaluations by relying on verifiable data *+objectivity 10) Data processing which is used for ordering data *+sorting of data 11) Data processing which is used to compressing data *+archiving of data 12) The maximum number in which no more than 8 bits of information are included *+256 13) Binary equivalent of decimal number 42 *+101010 14) Types of magnetic storage *+floppy and hard 15) For acceleration of access to random access memory it is used *+cash memory 16) Constant memory of BIOS is used for *+checking of the computer equipment 17*!He has offered computer organization *+John von Neumann 18*!The modem and the fax-modem are used for *+exchanging information with other computers 19*!Core speed *+microprocessor speed 20*!Random Аccess Мemory is *+operative memory 21*!Hardware is *+computer configuration 22*!The streamer is intended for *+fast saving of information in the hard drive 23*!The central processor serves for *+calculations and information processing 24*!Hard drive is *+high capacity integral disk 25*!Operative memory is *+device which addresses regularly to machine during performance of operations 26*!Video memory is used for *+storage of images which are displayed on the screen 27*!Plotter is used for *+printing graphs and pictures 28*!In word «INFORMATICS» there are *+88 bits 29*! In word «COMPUTER» there are *+8 bytes 30 *!In 32 Gbytes there are *+235 bytes 31*!Convert binary number 1001 into decimal system *+9 32*!Multiplication of binary numbers 1011 and 110 *+1000010 33*!Convert hexadecimal number 255 into decimal system *+597 34*!Decimal number 2 in binary system is written as *+10 35*!The sum of binary numbers 111011101010 is equal to *+1100101 36*!The multiplication of binary numbers 110 and 111 *+101010 37*!Why is mathematical coprocessor necessary *+to help to basic processor in performance of mathematical operations 38*!The modem and the fax-modem are used for *+connections to satellite communication 39*!Second generation computers used value technology as *+transistors 40*!Order of switching off of the computer *+system unit, printer, monitor 41*!Logical elements of a computer *+adder, trigger, counter, coder, decoder 42The node intended for conversion of a n-bit code to one of 2n outputs *+adder 43*!The key parameters of processors determining its productivity: *+digit capacity, clock rate, cache memory size 44*!The lowest level software is *+BIOS 45*!Data are *+the registered signals 46*!First computer *+ENIAC 47*!The binary number system concerns to *+positional systems 48*!The greatest volume of the information can be received via *+sight 49*!The first computer was invented in *+USA 50*!The first computer was invented in *+1946 *+functions 101*!MS Excel. The document created in Excel, is called *+workbook 102) MS Excel. Each worksheet has a sheet name that appears on a(n) ____ at the bottom of thе workbook *+sheet tab #103*!MS Excel. Each worksheet in a workbook has ____ rows *+1048576 #104*!MS Excel. The ____, located near the top of the excel window, is the control center in excel *+ribbon #105*!MS Excel. The number of worksheets that you can add to a workbook is *+Limited by the amount of memory on the computer #106*!MS Excel. The ____ on a worksheet is one in which you can enter data *+activecell #107*!MS Excel. By default, Excel positions text in a cell: *+left-aligned #108*!MS Excel. Use the ____ function to determine the lowest number in a range *+min #109*!MS Excel. Which of the following comparison operator means greater than or equal to *+>= 110)MS Excel. A cell reference with only one dollar sign before either the column or the row is called a(n) *+mixed cell reference #111*!MS Excel. 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To merge the cells which tab do you use from the format, cells menu *+Alignment tab #124*!MS Excel. Where a row and a column meet, what do you call that *+A cell #125*!MS Excel. In an excel sheet the active cell is indicated by *+A dark wide border #126*!MS Access. How do you rearrange the date in ascending or descending order *+Data, sort #127*!MS Access. Connected fields can have *+different names, but identical type of data #128*!MS Access. «Create» tab allows to *+create new table, form, report, query, macro and module #129*!MS Access. Changing the structure of a table *+design mode #130*!MS Access. Special objects for input and viewing of data in the table *+forms #131*!MS Access. For copying the records it’s necessary to select and execute comand *+home — clipboard — copy #132*!MS Access. The type of a field is set in *+design View #133*!MS Access. This object represents formatted printouts of data in a database *+report #134*!Which of the following is not a valid data type in MS Access *+picture #135*!MS Access. Records are sorted by increase *+$10, $25, $35, $50 #136*!MS Access. Logical operator «not»is used to select *+in coincident values #137*!MS Access. Logical operator «not Т» is used for select *+words which do not begin from letter «Т» #138*!MS Access. Logical operator «С asterics» is used for select *+words which begin from letter «С» #139*!MS Access. Logical operator «[B-C]» is used for select *+words which begin from letters «В», «С», «D» #140*!The appropriate data type to store time in MS Access *+date/time #141*!MS Access. Database properties are also known as *+Metadata #142*!MS Access. A table is represented as a collection of rows and columns called a *+Datasheet #143*!MS Access. 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The ____ shows the number and title of the slide you are about to display *+Slide indicator #161*!MS Power Point. ____ allows you to point to a gallery choice and see its effect in the document *+Live preview #162*!MS Power Рoint. A presentation is also called a ____ *+Slide show #163*!MS Power Рoint. *!Power Point files formats are *+.ppt and .pptx #164*!MS Power Рoint. Elements of slides design *+color scheme, background, colors of objects #165*!Statistical set *+group of the fixed casual events #166*!Statistical observation *+scientific organization of information registration #167*!Statistical indicator *+ result of properties’ measurement of the studied object #168*!The values of a sign repeating with the largest frequency *+mode #169*!Indicator of a variance *+square of an average deviation #170*!The meaning of correlation in statistics *+relation #171*!What is the fundamental issue of the person – computer interaction? *+increase in reliability of the computer #172*!Person – computer interaction. Ergonomic design of systems is: *+Design of systems on the basis of the COMPUTER with the accounting of a human #173*!Person – computer interaction. Between what tags is placed an office information? *+<head>and</head> #174*!Person – computer interaction. What tags are used for allocation of new paragraphs in the document? *+<р> and </р > #175*!Person – computer interaction. The color image with a palette from 8 flowers has the size of 100х200 points. What information volume does have the image? #245*!Infection with loading viruses occurs at: *+Turning on the computer with busy floppy #246*!Loading viruses can infect: *+Boot-Strap program #247*!Replicators: *+Transfer a virus #248*!Auditor programs: *+Remember data on a condition of programs #249*!Macro viruses are: *+Macros #250*!The important future of multimedia technology is: *+Interactivity #251*!The computer presentation is… *+the sequence of the slides containing multimedia objects #252*!The hyperlink is: *+a reference to data that the reader can directly follow either by clicking, tapping, or hovering #253*!The database which can be used in several spheres of human activities *+Universal #254*!How in a query it will be correct to specify the following criterion:: «Patient’s weight is between 50 and 80» *+<80 or >50 #255*!If criteria are connected with AND, then in query design they register as: *+on the same row #256*!To change the size of text field from 255 into 50 characters in MS Access it is necessary: *+ in a design view to change field size #257*!For query design with parameter, displaying a surname of the doctor, it is necessary to type on criteria row: *+[Enter surname of the doctor] #258*!Windows XP. The ____ allows you to perform often-used tasks quickly *+standard buttons toolbar #259*!Windows XP. A ____ is a pointing device *+mouse  #260*!WindowsXP. Using the mouse to move or copy cells is called *+drag and drop  #261*!MSWindows. How to invent start menu *+Ctrl +Esc #262*!MS Windows.Auxillary level program *+windows antivirus #263*!Which of the following operating system can work only with one program at current time *+MS DOS #264*!MSWindows. Which of the following file name extension suggests that the file is backup copy of another file *+bak #265*!MSWindows.Which of the following type of objects can you search on your computer and on the network, using Windows XP search companion *+all of these #266*!MSWindows.Which of the following is an operating system you would be using on the computer *+Microsoft Windows #267*!AVP is: *+anti-virus program #268*!Virus is: *+the special program which interferes with a programs runtime #269*!How to load anti-virus AVP program: *+Start — Programs — Antiviral Toolkit Pro #270*!The computer virus is: *+the program damaging computer programs and data #271*!Distinctive features of a computer virus are: *+small volume. ability to independent start and repeated copying of a code, to creation of noise to correct operation of the computer #272*!How the computer can be infected a virus: *+in case of execution of the infected program #273*!The computer virus is: *+the program which breeds itself and does harm to the computer of the user and other objects located in network #274*!What general property do the interactive presentations have? *+are operated by the speaker #275*!Expert systems are: *+the systems of an artificial intelligence based on knowledge #276*!Medical expert systems: *+diagnostic systems of second generation #277*!Main objective of an artificial intelligence: *+simulation of intellectual activities of the person for transmission of a computer of routine processes #278*!Systems of an artificial intelligence are: *+the machine programs created in the direction of artificial intellectual systems #279*!Are engaged in expert systems: *+experts and specialists in the field of an artificial intelligence #280*!Constructing process of expert systems consists of stages: *+5 #281*!MS Word 2007. The group symbols is on tab *+insert #282*!MS Word 2007. The group table is on tab *+insert #283*!MS Word 2007. The clipboard is on tab *+home #284*!MS Word 2007. The group font is on tab *+home #285*!MS Word 2007. The group styles is on tab *+home #286*!MS Word 2007. The group page setup is on tab *+page layout #287*!MS Word 2007. The group spelling is on tab *+review #288*!MS Word 2007. The group zoom is on tab *+view #289*!MS Word 2007. The ruler pictogram is located on tab *+view #290*!Excel displays the error message ____ in cells to indicate a cell reference error *+#REF! #291*!Excel. The Excel program file has an extension *+.Xlsx #292!MS Excel.Which keyboard shortcut should be used to display the format of cells dialog box *+CTRL+1 #293*!MS Excel.Which keyboard shortcut should be used to apply or remove an italic tracing *+CTRL+3 #294*!MS Excel. Which keyboard shortcut should be used to cross out the text or to remove deletion *+CTRL+5 #295*!MS Excel. Which keyboard shortcut should be used to fill a range of cells with the same data *+<Ctrl>+<Shift>+<Enter> #296*!MS Excel. To add two cells (A1 and A2) together you use the following formula *+=sum(A1;A2) #297*!Excel displays the error message ____ in cells to indicate a divide by zero error *+#DIV/ !  #298*!The cell A3 contains next formula: =В1+$С1; A3 is copied in A4. The formula in A4 will become *+=В2+$С2 #299*!The cell A3 contains next formula: =$В$1+$С1; A3 is copied in A4.The formula in A4 will become *+=$В$1+$С2 #300*!The cell A3 contains next formula: =В1+С$1; A3 is moved in A4. The formula in A4 will become *+=В2+С$1 #301*!MSExcel. It is specified in a formula row *+cell contents #302*!MS Excel. For creation of diagrams and drawing up formulas is used *+function wizard #303*!The document created in Excel is called *+workbook #304*!MS Excel. Function of the Office button *+opens the only menu of the program #305*!MS Excel. Selecting of cells range on the work sheet *+drag the mouse pointer from one corner of range to another #306*!МS Аccess.Which data type can store more than 255 characters *+memo #307*!MS Access. There are 3 type of relationship that valid in MS Access 2007, except *+intermediate #308*!MS Аccess. Format of database *+.mdb, .ассdb #309*!MS Access. What queries are used to summarize data in tables *+CrossTab #310*!MSАccess.What type of queries is a queries that select records from tables based on criteria *+Select Queries #311*!MSАccess.Table in Microsoft Access can be create by using all below except *+Input Mask #312*!MSАccess. Maximum number of symbols in text field of the table *+255 #313*!MSАccess. Rename the table *+F2 #314*!MSAccess. You can __________ macros setting so that the macros run automatically for any database you open *+Enable #315*!MSАccess. Before printing a datasheet, you can use______ to determine whether to change the page orientation from portrait to vertical orientation *+Print Preview #316*!MSАccess. Maximum numbers of symbols in «Mемо» field *+65 536 #317*!MS Access. A _____ is a major database object used to display information in an attractive, easy-to- read screen format *+form #318*!MS Access. What happens when a user selects a record in a form and presses [Delete] *+The record is deleted in the form and from its source table #319*!MS Access. Which of the following cannot be done to data using a form *+Store #320*!MS Access. What is one of the advantages for using a form over other Access objects *+Utilizes field placement to improve the efficiency of data entry #321*!MS Access. The undo command is found where in Access *+Quick Access toolbar #322*!Comand to break slideshow of Power Point *+ESC #323*!The format of presentation created in MS Power Point 2003 *+.рpt #324*!Possibilities of the Power Point program *+creation of the presentation with multimedia animation #325*!Stop or renewal of automatic display *+S or «+» symbol #326*!The presentation component containing various objects *+slide #327*!Set of the slides collected in one file *+presentation #328*!Transition to the slide under «X» number *+number+ENTER #329*!Transition to the first or following hyperlink on a slide *+SHIFT+TAB #330*!The statistics studies *+mass phenomena #331 *!Origin of the term «statistics» +status #332 *!Term «Statistic» was introduced by +G.Akhenval #333 *!Specify two main groups of viruses: +Resident, non-resident #334 *!Computer viruses are divided by extent of influence on: +resident, non-resident #335 *!The viruses using mistakes and inaccuracies in a complex software: +Virusesinterceptors #336 *!On features of an algorithm computer viruses divide on: +parasitic, replicators, invisible beings, mutants, trojan #337 *!Types of antivirus programs: +detectors, doctors, auditors, filters, vaccines #338 *!Antivirus programs can be divided into following main groups: +detectors, doctors, auditors #339 *!Antivirus programs: +antivirus #340 *!Antivirus program: +Doctor Web #341 *!Program for search and treatment of computer viruses: +Dr Web #403 *!Internet. Правила обмена информации между компьютерами посредством сети +protocol #404 *!Formats of Html document +.htm и html #405 *!Html. Heading tags +<head>_</head> #406 *!The address of Web-site on world wide web, for instance, http://www.microsoft.com +uniform resource locator #407 *!Html. The tag defining the color of the row +color #408 *!Html. Command for refresh the Web-site +F5 #409 *!Html. The tag which is used to create of horizontal row +<hr> #410 *!It is possible to change a profile photo, entering in service: +google + #411 *!To work with the documents of GOOGLE you need to enter in service: +disk #412 *!To create questionnaires are used Google documents: +forms #413 *!To work with one Google document in online mode group of users has to: +open shared access #414 *!Mobile application is: +software #415 *!Portable multi-function device of mobile communication: +smartphone #416 *!The international organization defining recommendations in the field of telecommunications and radio: +ITU #417 *!The largest software developer, the creator a web — service ElasticComputerCloud (EC2): +Amazon #418 *!How many levels of cloud technologies are exist: +3 #419 *!Levelofcloud technologies.PlatformasaService — PaaS): +intermediate level of a platform #420 *!Html. Which filter converts the text horizontally +FlipH #421 *!Html. Filter which creates the negative image +Xray #422 *!Html. Tag which opens hyperlink in a new window of the browser +target=blank #423 *!Html. Which input type would allow a reader to select several options from a list of possibilities +type=checkbox #424 *!Html. What is the HTML feature that divides a web page into two or more scrollable parts +<frame>and<frameset> #425 *!Html. The <I> tag makes text +Italic #426 *!Html. TAG<select…>contains attributes +option, multiple #427 *!Html. Tag defining the column of a table +<td> #428 *!Html. Besides <B>, another way to make text bold is what +<strong> #429 *!Html. Attributes of<a ….>tag +href, target, title #430 *!Html. Attributes of<marquee…..>tag +scroll, slide, alternate #431 *!Html. The tag setting distance between frames of cells of the table in pixels +cellspacing #432 *!Html. The tag defining «Range» of cell across +colspan #433 *!Html. The tag defining the place of the form processor +action #434 *!Html. The tag defining a radiobutton +type=radio #435 *!Html. Attributes of < target …..>tag +top, blank, self, parent #436 *!Html. Attributes of < form…..>tag +acton, method, enctype #437 *!Html. Insertion of the upper and lower index of the text +sub, sup #438 *!Main stages of e-government in the Republic of Kazakhstan +Information, interactive, transactional #439 *!Program of forming «E-government» in Republic of Kazakhstan on 2005-2007 +10.11.2004, №1471 #440 *!The number of information services on web-portal of «E-government» +933 #441 *!Citizens, government agencies, organizations and other economic entities utilizing the services of e-government +Consumers of e-services #442 *!State bodies, organizations and other economic entities providing services ict tools +E-service providers #443 *!The law «About the Electronic Document and the Digital Signature» was adopted +7th January 2003, № 370-2 #444 *!The abbreviation designating interaction of government with citizens +government-to-consumer #445 *!The abbreviation designating interaction of the state with government +government-to- government #446 *!The abbreviation designating interaction of the state with private sectors +government -to-business #447 *!The abbreviation designating interaction of business with the state +business-to-government #448 *!The abbreviation designating interaction of citizens with the state +consumer-to- government #449 *!Method how to obtain digital signature: +it is necessary to submit the application for obtaining the electronic digital signature (EDS) on www.egov.kz #450 *!For authorization on the Web portal of «Electronic government» the following data are necessary: +personal identification number and password of the user #451 *!Phone number of Call-center of «E-government» +1414 #452 *!The medical ethics studies +principles of morals and professional ethics #453 *!The doctor has the right to +refuse to treat the patient #454 *!A doctor should possess and show this status to his patient +empathy #455 *!Ethics is +the discipline studying bases of morals and morality #456 *!Medical ethics are the discipline studying +moral responsibility of the doctor #457 *!The main category of medical ethics is +doctoring debt #458 *!To express an opinion on competence of the colleague before patients +tactlessness manifestation #459 *!Implementation by the doctor in his activities of specific moral requirements and standards of behavior +professional ethics #460 *!Patronizing model of the relations between the doctor and patient +paternalism #461 *!Principle of medical ethics +humanity #462 *!Case of violation of the patient’s rights by the doctor +to tell about the diagnosis the patient’s relatives #463 *!In what case the right of the patient is violated +if operation is performed without the patient’s consent #464 *!To keep ethical principle which requires in secret everything that occurs during medical interaction of the doctor and the patient +confidentiality #465 *!Clueful consent of the patient +the patient’s consent to a medical interference after obtaining the complete information #466 *!Reduces communicative competence of the doctor +panic #467 *!Basis of an information system +environment of storage and data access #468 *!Reason of creation of medical information systems +need of use of large volumes of information for the decision of medical tasks #469*!Subdividings on scope of information systems +decision making support systems #470 *!The medical information system realizing the Salamatty Kazakhstan program *+medical information system Paragraph «Medicine» #471 *!The main objective of medical information systems of basic level is +computer support of doctors’ activity of different specialties #472 *!The main objective of information systems of treatment and prevention facilities +information support of administrative processes of MPI #473 *!Information security from illegal access +each user of system shall have the personal password #474 *!Signs of the clinical information description +qualitative #475 *!Diagnostic medical information systems are based on +receiving, transmission and data analysis #476 *!Expert systems * systems of artificial intelligence #477 *!Automated management systems is +the complex of tools providing management of an object in various spheres of human life #478 *!Work of neural networks is based on +mathematical model #479 *!Medical information systems specialize +on integration of administrative, medical and financial information #480 *!Multimedia product is: +interactive computer development #481 *!The main characteristics of the virtual world: +immersion, presence, interactivity #482 *!Standard of wireless high-speed data transmission for mobile phones: +LTE #483 *!Global system of coordinatesdetermination: +GPS #570 *!Information unit of measure +gbyte, tbyte #571 *!Information processe +information processing #572 *!Property of information +relevance #573 *!The last 2 stage of development of the electronic computer +big integrated circuits #574 *!Elementary logic functions +conjunction #575 *!Element performing operation of a disjunction and conjunction +or #576 *!What is the octal and binary equivalent of a decimal number +11100 #577 *!Element of a technological chain of information input +measuring modules #578 *!MSWindows. Way of object deleting: +Delete #579 *!MS Windows. The main desktop object +My computer #580 *!MS Windows. Accessory +Рaint #581 *!MS Word. Initially available «useful» command of the shortcut bar *+save #582 *!The main type of data model in MS Access +relational #583 *!MS Аccess. Object of database: +tables, forms #584 *!MSWindows. The main operation with windows +open #585 *!MSWindows.Command «OPEN» and «SAVE» +Ctrl+S #586 *!В MS Method «Triad» include use of: +menu bar #587 *!MSWord.Ways of selecting the text: +double click with the left button of the mouse on the fragment of the text #588 *!MS Word. Group «FONT» of «HOME» tab is intended for +creating the uppercase and low case text #589 *!MS Excel. The way of cutting content of the selected cell +select the cell and press CTRL+X key #590 *!MS Access. Type of data +date/time #591 *!MS Access. Define type of queiry +parameter #592 *!MS Access. Method of creating table +table #593 *!MS Access.Type of creating query +query design #594 *!MS Access. Possible sizes of numeric table field +integer #595 *!MS Power Рoint. Way of creating presentation +new presentation #596 *!MS Power Рoint. Type of slide show of presentation +from current slide #597 *!MS Power Рoint. Transition method from one slide to another +rotation #598 *!MS Excel. It is possible to make change into the created chart +in the added legend and data sheets #599 *!MS Windows.Computer virus are divided by feature of algorithms on: +trojan #600 *!Relation address and its example in Excel +second line of column F #601 *!The absolute address and its example in Excel +before the second line of a column F and a column F the dollar sign is written #602 *!MS Excel. Copying of the selected cell +press CTRL+C #603 *!MS Excel. Possible variant of the date format +05.12.1996 #604 *!MS Access. To load the application +Double click on MS Office Access shortcut on desktop #605 *!MS РowerРoint. Name tab: +home #606 *!MS Access. In the database operation which are executed with the record +sortings #607 *!MS РowerРoint.Group of command of the animation tab +viewing #608 *!MS Power Point. Break presentation: +CTRL+BREAK #609 *!MS РowerРoint. List of tabs: +home #610 *!The computer presentation is +the sequence of the slides containing multimedia objects #611 *!MS Excel. The main element of spreadsheet and the indication of activity of this element +the content is displayed on the formula row #612 *!MS Word. Way of cutting the selected text into the clipboard +Shift+Del #613 *!MS Word. Shortkey of applying bold and italic fonts to the selected text +Сtrl+B #614 *!MS Word. Hotkeys of «Find» and «Replace» the text fragment +Ctrl+F #615 *!MS Word. Way of copying the selected text into the clipboard +Ctrl+C #616 *!MS Excel. Type of the following diagram +«histogram» #617 *!MS Excel. In spreadsheet when writing the formula are used *+names of cells #618 *!MS Excel. Short key which are used to save of workbook +CTRL+S #619 *!MS Power Point. Action of the esc key during demonstration of the presentation +demonstration completion #620 *!Type of antivirus security: +Organizational #621 *!What program are used for work with a sound +sound editor #622 +context menu — copy #623 *!MS Word. Method of the insertion of the cutted document fragment +context menu-insert #624 *!MS Access. Method of creating queries +query wizard #625 *!MS Access. Method of creation form +form design #626 *!MS Power Point. Comand of the animation tab +animation #627 *!MS Excel. The error in the following formula record: SUM$ (C7:C10) +absence of a sign «=» at the beginning of a formula #628 *!MS Excel. Value of characters » » in the cell +the number can’t be completely displayed #629 *!Computer virus are divided by a method of infection and an influence level +resident #630 *!MS Excel 2007. Command of «FORMULA» tab sorting and filtering #631 *!MS Excel. In spreadsheet when writing the formula are used +names of cells #632 *!MS Power Point application format: +.рptx #633 *!INTERNET. Component of search engine +program indexing #634 *!INTERNET. The main types of search engine +the universal search engine #635 *!Internet. Type of network +peer-to-peer network #636 *!HTML. Web-browser +Mozilla Firefox #637 *!HTML. The filter used to the text +glow #638 *!HTML. The filter used to the image +invert #639 *!Internet. Element of Internet Explorer window:

I deliberately use very common, not necessarily professional resource.

Computer Science

Computer science is the study of the theory, experimentation, and engineering that form the basis for the design and use of computers. It is the scientific and practical approach to computation and its applications and the systematic study of the feasibility, structure, expression, and mechanization of the methodical procedures (or algorithms) that underlie the acquisition, representation, processing, storage, communication of, and access to information. An alternate, more succinct definition of computer science is the study of automating algorithmic processes that scale. A computer scientist specializes in the theory of computation and the design of computational systems.

source: Computer Science @ Wikipedia

Informatics

Informatics is a branch of information engineering. It involves the practice of information processing and the engineering of information systems, and as an academic field it is an applied form of information science. The field considers the interaction between humans and information alongside the construction of interfaces, organisations, technologies and systems. As such, the field of informatics has great breadth and encompasses many subspecialties, including disciplines of computer science, information systems, information technology and statistics. Since the advent of computers, individuals and organizations increasingly process information digitally. This has led to the study of informatics with computational, mathematical, biological, cognitive and social aspects, including study of the social impact of information technologies.

source: Informatics @ Wikipedia

It is for sure time and place dependent, after further research it seems that the German term Informatik was a synonym of the Computer Science at first, was adapted virtually everywhere, but evolved since 1956, and diverged with meaning, but it is still overlapping. Tt seems that currently Informatics is used more as applied Computer Science (ref: search engine coin toss).

The IT (Information Technology) in some languages has broader meaning, and simply merges telecommunication with computer sciene and informatics. Unfortunately this is not well-defined term, it is part of the language so it may vary in time up to the moment when people think it is too broad and start some finer classification.

Please see also Informatics vs. Computer Science